Hvem daterede Katharina 2. af Rusland?

Katarina 2. af Rusland (russisk: Екатерина II Алексеевна, tr. Jekaterína II Alekséjevna; 2. maj (Julianske kalender 21. april) 1729 – 17. november (Julianske kalender 6. november) 1796), også kendt som Katarina den Store, regerede som kejserinde af Det Russiske Kejserrige fra 28. juni 1762 til sin død i 1796. Hun var født Sophie Auguste Friederike af Anhalt-Zerbst.

Alexander Petrovich Yermolov (1754–1834) was a Russian favourite and the lover of Catherine the Great from 1785 to 1786.

Yermolov was presented to Catherine by Grigory Potemkin, tested by Anna Protasova and became Catherine's lover in 1785. He collaborated with the enemies of Potemkin and attempted to have Potemkin removed, and thereby lost his position. He went to Paris in the late 1780s and spent the rest of his life in Schloss Frohsdorf.

Ivan Nikolajevich Rimsky-Korsakov, né Korsav (29 June 1754 – 31 July 1831 in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire) was a Russian courtier and lover of Catherine the Great from 1778 to 1779.

Count Alexander Matveyevich Dmitriev-Mamonov (Russian: Александр Матвеевич Дмитриев-Мамонов; 30 September 1758 – 11 October 1803, buried in Donskoy Monastery) was a lover of Catherine II of Russia from 1786 to 1789.

Alexander Dmitrievich Lanskoy, also called Sashin'ka or Sasha, (19 March [O.S. 8 March] 1758 – 6 July [O.S. 25 June] 1784) was a Russian general, favourite and lover of Catherine the Great between 1780 and 1784. It has been said that "[a] look at [her] correspondence with her favorites gives the impression she only had tender feelings for one, Alexander Lanskoi."

Le comte Sergei Vasilievich Saltykov (en russe : Сергей Васильевич Салтыков), né en 1722, et mort le 24 septembre 1784, est un officier et diplomate russe qui fut le premier favori de l'impératrice Catherine II quand elle n'était encore que grande-duchesse.

Peter Vasiljevitj Zavadovskij (ryska: Пётр Васильевич Завадовский), född 10 januari 1739, död 10 januari 1812, var en rysk greve och gunstling till Katarina den stora.

Zavadovskij blev 1775 Katarinas sekreterare och blev den 2 januari 1776 hennes generaladjutant och älskare. Han beskrivs som stilig, kultiverad och allvarlig samt anses ha varit uppriktigt förälskad i Katarina. Förhållandet var ansträngt på grund av den svartsjuka han kände mot Potemkin, vars nära relation med Katarina fortgick trots att han i egenskap av älskare hade ersatt honom; även Potemkin ryktas ha haft åtminstone ett vredesutbrott på grund av relationen. Förhållandet avslutades på grund av de ständiga slitningarna och han ersattes 1777 av Simon Zoritj. Då relationen med Zoritj avslutades 1778 ska Katarina ha övervägt att återkalla Zavadovksij, men hon mötte då i stället Ivan Rimskij-Korsakov.

Count Semyon Zorich (1743–1799) was a Serbian-born Russian lieutenant-general and count of the Holy Roman Empire. He served Russia against the Prussians and Turks. A member of the Russian court, he was presented to Empress Catherine the Great by Grigory Potemkin and, after having been tested by Praskovja Bruce and doctor Rogerson, became the Empress' lover. He was most influential in the commercial development of Shklov and Mogilev.

Alexander Semyonovich Vasilchikov (Russian: Александр Семёнович Васильчиков, tr. Aleksandr Semënovič Vasil'čikov; 1746–1813) was a Russian aristocrat who became the lover of Catherine the Great from 1772 to 1774.

Vasilchikov was an ensign in the Chevalier Guard Regiment when he was noted by Catherine and was appointed gentleman of the bedchamber on 1 August 1772. When Catherine's then-lover Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov left court, Catherine was informed about his adultery, and 12 August, Vasilchikov was made general aide-de-camp and lover of Catherine. Vasilchikov was expected to be available to attend on her at all times, and was not allowed to leave the palace without permission.

The relationship was short-lived. Catherine found Vasilchikov's gentleness cloying, saying "His tenderness made me weep." When Vasilchikov was away on a journey, sent by the empress, Grigory Potemkin replaced him as her lover. She wrote to her friend Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm about Vasilchikov's dismissal: "Why do you reproach me because I dismiss a well-meaning but extremely boring bourgeois in favour of one of the greatest, the most comical and amusing, characters of this iron century?"

Vasilchikov later complained that he felt like a hired gigolo: "I was nothing more to her than a kind of male cocotte and I was treated as such. If I made a request for myself or anyone else, she did not reply, but the next day I found a bank-note for several thousand rubles in my pocket. She never condescended to discuss with me any matters that lay close to my heart."

Catherine characteristically rewarded her former lover richly. Vasilchikov was given a pension of twenty thousand rubles and valuable properties. He lived the rest of his life in Moscow. He never married. He built a notable collection of Western European paintings and sculptures, including a "Self Portrait" by Velasquez and works by Philips Wouwerman and Andries Botha.

Prince Platon Alexandrovich Zubov (Russian: Платон Александрович Зубов; November 26 [O.S. November 15] 1767 – April 19 [O.S. April 7] 1822) was the last of Catherine the Great's favourites and the most powerful man in the Russian Empire during the last years of her reign.

Prince Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin-Tauricheski (11 October [O.S. 30 September] 1739 – 16 October [O.S. 5 October] 1791) was a Russian military leader, statesman, nobleman, and favourite of Catherine the Great. He died during negotiations over the Treaty of Iași, which ended a war with the Ottoman Empire that he had overseen.

Potemkin was born into a family of middle-income landowners of Russian nobility. He first attracted Catherine's favor for helping in her 1762 coup, then distinguished himself as a military commander in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). He became Catherine's lover, favorite and possibly her consort. After their passion cooled, he remained her lifelong friend and favored statesman. Catherine obtained for him the title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire and gave him the title of Prince of the Russian Empire among many others: he was both a Grand Admiral and the head of all of Russia's land and irregular forces. Potemkin's achievements include the peaceful annexation of the Crimea (1783) and the successful second Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792), during which the armed forces under his command besieged Ochakov.

In 1775, Potemkin became the governor-general of Russia's new southern provinces. An absolute ruler, he worked to colonize the wild steppes, controversially dealing firmly with the Cossacks who lived there. He founded the towns of Kherson, Nikolayev, Sevastopol, and Yekaterinoslav. Ports in the region became bases for his new Black Sea Fleet.

His rule in the south is associated with the (probably mythical) "Potemkin village", a ruse involving the construction of painted façades to mimic real villages, full of happy, well-fed people, for visiting officials to see. Potemkin was known for his love of women, gambling and material wealth. He oversaw the construction of many historically significant buildings, including the Tauride Palace in Saint Petersburg.

Prince Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov (Russian: Григорий Григорьевич Орлов; 17 October 1734 – 24 April 1783) was a Russian general and patron of arts who was Prince of the Holy Roman Empire (1772) and a favourite of Empress Catherine the Great. He was a leader of the 1762 coup which overthrew Catherine's husband Peter III and installed Catherine as reigning empress. For some years he was virtually co-ruler with her, but his repeated infidelities and the enmity of Catherine's other advisers led to his fall from power.

He patronised M. V. Lomonosov, D. I. Fonvisin, V. I. Bazhenov and gave them financial support. Honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Arts (since 1765). He collected paintings (including Rembrandt, P. P. Rubens, Titian), sculpture, Chinese, Japanese and Russian porcelain, hunting weapons, etc. (Orlov's collection has been preserved almost completely; it is now in the State Museum-Reserve "Gatchina" of the eponymous city). A large landowner, Orlov commissioned the construction of the Great Gatchina Palace.

Stanislas II (en polonais : Stanisław August), de son vrai nom Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski, né le 17 janvier 1732 à Wołczyn (actuelle Biélorussie) et mort le 12 février 1798 à Saint-Pétersbourg, est, de 1764 à 1795, le dernier roi de Pologne et grand-duc de Lituanie, à l'époque de la République des Deux Nations.

Selon la titulature officielle, il est « par la grâce de Dieu et la volonté du peuple, roi de Pologne, grand-duc de Lituanie et duc de Ruthénie, Prusse, Mazovie, Samogitie, Kiev, Volhynie, Podolie, Podlasie, Livonie, Smolensk, Siewierz et Czernihów. »

Son règne a connu bien des vicissitudes. En 1762, son ancienne maîtresse, la princesse russe d'origine allemande Catherine, née Sophie Frédérique Augusta d'Anhalt-Zerbst, devient impératrice de Russie sous le nom de Catherine II. En 1764, après la mort d'Auguste III, Poniatowski est élu roi de Pologne en tant que candidat de la Russie et de la famille Czartoryski, qui est favorable à l'alliance étroite de la Pologne avec la Russie. Celle-ci, secondée par la Prusse, joue un rôle important au début du règne de Stanislas II, par le biais de son ambassadeur à Varsovie Nicolas Repnine.

La révolte d'une partie de la noblesse hostile à la Russie, liguée dans la confédération de Bar (1768-1772), aboutit au premier partage de la Pologne (1772). Stanislas II, maintenu sur le trône du fait de la défaite des confédérés, s'efforce alors de promouvoir un certain nombre de réformes, dont on peut citer la création de la Commission de l'Éducation nationale (1773), dans la limite de ce que son protecteur russe peut accepter.

Mais à la fin des années 1780, le mouvement de réforme prend une telle ampleur, à l'époque de la Grande Diète (1788-1792), qu'elle suscite l'hostilité de la Russie, dirigée par Catherine II jusqu'en 1796 : la promulgation de la Constitution du 3 mai 1791, la première en Europe, est l'origine directe de la guerre russo-polonaise de 1792, dont la suite est le deuxième partage de la Pologne (1793) et la soumission de Stanislas au parti pro-russe de la confédération de Targowica. En 1794, Stanislas apporte toutefois un certain soutien à l'insurrection dirigée par Tadeusz Kościuszko contre la Russie. Sa défaite aboutit au troisième partage de la Pologne en 1795 : privée de la totalité de son territoire, la république des Deux Nations cesse d'exister et Stanislas est contraint d'abdiquer, pour aller finir sa vie à Saint-Pétersbourg, au début du règne de Paul I^er.